New Petra Blog

Those of you who have either visited or are planning to visit the breathtaking site of Petra in Jordan may be interested in ...this blog... from the Jordan Tourism Board. We like it because it is more entertaining than many Tourist Board blogs, and it is a must visit for anyone who has been or is planning to go to Petra.

Before the Incas

Latin America Tour Consultant Marie-Louisa Lowther recently travelled to Peru and discovered there is more to the country’s ancient cultures than the Incas.

My second trip to Peru was a real eye opener. Apart from the fact that this time around I was travelling in style as opposed to living on a shoestring, I also visited some little known places that made me realise that there is so much more to the ancient cultures of Peru than Machu Picchu.

Being the most recent culture before the Spanish invaded, the achievements of the Incas, whilst awe-inspiring, are fairly well-documented compared to some of the pre-Inca civilisations. In fact, very little is known to the outside world about the ten or more centuries that preceded these people: the time of the great Mochita and Chimu cultures.

Peru's northern coast is home to some of the country's greatest archaeological treasures, which were built by the highly skilled pre-Inca people who once thrived in the region.

The Moche or Mochita people had an extremely long reign, from about 200 to 900 AD. They ruled through the time of the Nazcas, the Mexican Mayans and the Roman Empire. Although they had no writing system, their culture was extremely sophisticated for its time, and is now remembered for its fine ceramics and masterful metalwork.

The Sun and Moon Temples (left) near Trujillo form the former Moche capital, one of the most important urban ceremonial centres of the pre-Inca societies. The site has only been excavated since 1991 and still has few visitors today. The Moon Temple is open to the public, and consists of three platforms and four plazas, surrounded by decorated adobe walls. The Sun Temple, which is currently under excavation, may well prove to be the largest adobe building in the world. In the plain between the two temples lies the urban area, or old Moche - a series of structures that have remained covered by a thin layer of sand and sediment.

For another fine example of the Mochita rule, travel further north along the coast to the archaeological complex of 'El Brujo', which means 'the wizard or shaman'. Its origins date back more than 5,000 years and the site is very well preserved considering its age. It was used by shaman and even today still attracts the witches of the region, who travel here to evoke the spirits of their ancestors, to treat illness and fight against evil spirits. Last year a 1,600 year old mummy ruler was discovered here, tattooed and embalmed, and buried with sacrificial slaves, animals and symbols of power.

Further up the cost still lies the tomb of Lord Sipan (left), one of the great Moche rulers. A modern and majestic museum has been built in the shape of a pyramid to represent the original tomb, and has many original exhibits, each piece cleaned and restored to the smallest detail. Lord Sipan himself, who is believed to be one of the most important figures of ancient Peru, is buried in the museum and visitors can see his skeleton. The original tomb was badly looted, with many of the artefacts ending up in the hands of private collectors such as Enrico Poli, whose private museum in Lima is one of the most impressive in the world. Whilst some question whether such national treasures should be in a private collection, Poli claims that he is offering the chance to view the treasures, and if he had not bought them these important artefacts would end up abroad.

Subsequent to the Moche period was the Chimu Kingdom, the pre-Inca period. The Chimu ruled from the 9th century until 1450, when the Incas invaded. Chan Chan (left) near Trujillo is the former capital, and consists of a number of adobe palaces spread out over 15 kilometres. Of these, only the dragon or rainbow temple and the central Tschudi Palace can be visited. The temples are decorated with symmetrical wall drawings, which were originally coloured, though now all the dye has disappeared. Excavations begun here in 1964 and are still underway. There is also a very good museum displaying artefacts discovered in Chan Chan, including pottery and tools.

This is just the start. Visit Caral (left), three hours north of Lima - the remains of one of the world's oldest cities and the oldest city in the Americas, recently discovered and still under excavation. Further north still, Kuelap has huge defensive walls and castles involving three times more material than the Egyptian pyramids, and Leymebamba has its fantastic collection of pre- Inca mummies.

Venturing slightly off the beaten track in Peru, visitors can see these amazing ruins of ancient cities, and discover a little about life before the Incas.
Cox & Kings’ 17 Day / 15 Night Civilisations of Peru tour visits Lima, Chan Chan and the Tomb of Sipan in Trujillo, Kuelap, Leymebamba, Cuzco and Machu Picchu, and starts from £3,295 per person. Cox & Kings can also arrange tailor-made tours to Peru.

Libya

Cox & Kings' PR & Publications Executive Laura Smith recently travelled with a group of journalists on Cox & Kings' Libyan Long Weekend.

Day One – London to Tripoli
Having grown up in Australia, I never cease to be amazed at where a short flight from the UK can get you. Just three hours after leaving London, we touch down in Tripoli, and we’re plunged into a different country – a different continent, even – with a different culture, language, currency and cuisine.

Ours seems to be the only flight arriving, and the airport is quiet. Security guards stand chatting and laughing over a cigarette. To my relief, there are no lingering locals waiting to take our bags or offer us a trolley in return for cash. We’re met by our guide, Mohammed, and driver Osama, and after one of the most relaxed and hassle-free airport experiences I’ve had anywhere, let alone in the Middle East, we arrive at the Corinthia, Libya’s finest hotel. Our rooms are huge, and have wonderful views of the Mediterranean.

Day Two – Sabratha and Janzur
After tearing myself away from the largest and most comprehensive buffet spread I have ever seen, it is time to set off for Sabratha, around 45 minutes’ drive away.

Sabratha is relatively small, and we wander around the city at a relaxed pace, taking in the remains and imagining how impressive it would have looked in its day. The restored theatre is particularly spectacular. Mohammed explains that performances are still carried out here occasionally. This must be one of the greatest places to see a play in the world, with the gentle sound of the sea providing a backdrop to the action.
There is a small museum on the edge of the city, which contains the beautiful mosaics that tiled the floor of the Basilica. The detail is incredible, and Mohammed explains how we can tell what era a mosaic dates to by its level of detail. In the Byzantine era, time was precious. Mosaics were simple, with large chunks of stone arranged in simple patterns. The Roman era was more secure, with lesser threat of invasion, and Sabratha’s inhabitants were able to spend years creating mosaics of far more intricate design. The same goes for the coins. Roman coins were large and heavy, with intricate patterns printed on from rubber stamps. Byzantine coins were far smaller, barely marked with a knife to show their worth.

Next on the itinerary is Janzur. We pull up at a small house on the roadside, where our driver gets out and greets the doorkeeper warmly. Mohammed explains that 50 years ago the owner of this house dug up an ancient tomb in his garden. The house was soon taken over by historians, and several more tombs were excavated. “Keep quiet next time” is Mohammed’s insightful lesson to the resident, who inevitably lost his house.

But thank goodness he didn’t. The tombs are beautiful - intricately painted and still filled with original ‘tomb furniture’. We sit inside one of the tiny tombs, as Mohammed explains the stories behind the beautiful artwork.

After a long day’s sightseeing, we’re ravenous, so we ask Mohammed for a recommendation for dinner. There’s no need to be accompanied on an evening out in Libya. It is fairly late when we head out, and yet I feel completely safe. Travelling as a Western woman in a Muslim country, you come to expect some curious looks at the very least, perhaps the odd comment. In Tripoli, there are very few Muslim women around in the evening – their male counterparts seem to occupy the cafes and restaurants in small groups - yet nobody blinks an eyelid at my late-night appearance in Western attire and uncovered hair.

The restaurant we visit is located above a café, close to Tripoli’s clock tower. We take our shoes off on entry and settle on typical carpeted floor. A pair of Libyan musicians play in the corner, despite us being their first diners of the evening. No menus here: we are presented on arrival with fresh bread and humous, and then with Libyan soup - a thick Lentil based soup, with chunks of delicious beef, and vegetables. Plates are quickly cleared and "meat or fish" offered as main course options, just before hugely generous portions of good home cooking are brought out, steaming hot.

Day Three - Tripoli
Today we have a full guided tour of Tripoli. We start in the Jamahiriya museum, housed in the Red Castle where the entrance to the city once stood. Here is a sizeable collection of original and replica statues, mosaic and frescoes that have been collected from the city and surrounding areas.

Colonel Gaddaffi’s 1960s VW Beetle has also made it into this museum. Somewhat out of place, but interesting nonetheless.

On the other side of the museum stands Marcus Aurelius Arch. This is the only standing Roman building in Tripoli, and was only discovered when Alexander the Great ordered a large road to be built running through the Red Castle and along the coastline.
Tripoli’s Medina, or old town, is crowded with locals, shopping in the souq and drinking in cafes. People are certainly very relaxed here or, as Mohammed puts it, “lazy”. The souq itself is similar to those I had encountered in Egypt and Morocco – bustling and full of conflicting sounds and smells. But the lack of hassle is a complete surprise. Here, visitors actually feel comfortable approaching a stall and browsing, perhaps even showing interest in one or two things, before moving on. In Marrakesh you only have to come within 10 yards of a stall before getting completely harangued by the owner.

Green Square links the medina with the new city, built by the Italians. Distinctly Mediterranean, the square is surrounded by palm trees and Libyan flags. The streets that lead from the square, including the revered 3rd September Street, named after the date of revolution in 1969, are lined with expensive-looking shops. A burger bar has recently opened here, though there are no western chains to be found. Yet.

Day Four - Leptis Magna
An early start this morning, and the sun is already high in the sky. The Roman city of Leptis Magna, just over an hour’s drive from our hotel, is the reason most visitors come to Libya.

The sheer scale of Leptis Magna is enough to take your breath away. In its day, the city stretched three kilometres along the Mediterranean coast, and comprised of arches, baths, houses, shopping streets, churches and basilicas. At its entrance stands the imposing Arch of Septimus Severus, named after Leptis Magna's most famous son and Emperor of the Roman Empire from 193 - 211. Septimus Severus was the first Emperor to be born in Africa, and he later died in York whilst overseeing reconstruction of Hadrian's Wall. Over 20 metres high, the arch has lifestyle scenes intricately carved in to the rock. I could spend hours poring over the arch alone, but Mohammed ushers us forward. There is a lot more to see.

I am struck immediately by the scarcity of visitors at the site. The visitor car park has just a few vehicles parked up, and the small outdoor cafes are deserted. Two small groups of Libyan school children arrive and both set off in different directions at the Arch. The size of Leptis means that it is easy for visitors to take different routes and not bump into one another again.

Mohammed’s passion for Leptis Magna is infectious. His eyes wide with enthusiasm, he tells us fascinating stories of bloodshed and betrayal, but also helps us imagine daily life in the city. He occasionally asks us to imagine there was an extra wall here, or a second floor there, to build a picture of how things were. I struggle, my spatial imagination letting me down, but Mohammed whirs on, re-building the empire in his mind’s eye. It’s as though he has lived through every moment of the city’s history.

Even now, only a third of Leptis has been excavated, and we’re all left wondering what lies beneath our feet as we wander around. For me, the Roman baths are a real highlight. We learn how individually heated rooms took Leptis Magna’s residents from warm, to hot, to steamy, to boiling, to cool again – all with under-floor heating. Today, women across the world pay a fortune for this kind of experience.

I am in complete disbelief that 2,000 years ago, people lived in cities with 8-foot tall marble pillars and 20-foot arches, frequented the circus and the theatre, took hot baths and exfoliated their skin. How is it that people lived so well two millennia ago, whilst just over a hundred years ago Londoners were living in fairly squalid conditions in the Victorian era. Of course, the African slaves living in Leptis would have had a different tale to tell I’m sure.

Undoubtedly the most breathtaking sight is that of Leptis Magna’s amphitheatre. Located around a kilometre up the coast from the city centre - to avoid escaped lions entering the community, we’re told - the amphitheatre is an awesome construction, expertly built from golden stone against a backdrop of blue sky and the glittering Mediterranean Sea. Arriving at 3.30pm, we are the only visitors to the structure which once held 16,000 spectators.

Unlike the Colosseum, here you can walk up and down the many rows of seats, wander freely around the main stage, and even disappear into the bowels of the building, following the winding underground passages that gladiators and animals would have used. Our group has a lot of fun fighting imaginary lions and making loud calls to hear our voices echo impressively around the massive structure.

We watch the sun set as we travel back to Tripoli in the minibus. We have a farewell dinner in the Corinthia hotel’s Moroccan restaurant, Fes. Tonight’s delicacies include spicy Moroccan soup, delicious pigeon pastillas, traditional tagines with couscous, and cocktails. Non-alcoholic, of course. The following day it’s back to London with a head full of memories.